Antibiotic Resistance and the Role of Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial/Adjuvant Agents

Abstract

whereas the preventive implications are caused by restrictions on treatment options in immunosuppressive conditions. The effects of AR are severe and could potentially affect morbidity and mortality. AR results in prolonged infections and hinders the start of microbiologically effective treatment. Furthermore, due to the restricted options for treatment, individuals suffering from these diseases sometimes need the use of toxic drugs, endure prolonged hospital stays, or require surgical procedures. The overall impact of AR leads to increased morbidity and death rates, together with increased usage of resources and costs. Research has indicated that nanoparticles (NPs) possess properties such as charge, high surface area, and the capacity to transport substantial amounts of antibiotics or other substances. The specific size and shape make them optimal antibacterial agents. In addition to the essential antimicrobial properties of NPs, comprehensive studies indicate that their large surface area plays an important role in adhesion and rapid cell penetration. Nanomaterials exhibit enhanced interactions with bacteria and promote rapid killing, and NP-based treatments offer a highly promising solution to these problems. This review sheds light on the combined use of antibiotics with NPs, which can enhance inhibition and reduce the likelihood of resistance in microorganisms.